Local culture in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

The Democratic Republic of the Congo is a country rich in cultural diversity, traditions, and a dynamic social landscape. If you’re moving to the DRC, you should be prepared to navigate language differences and a complex bureaucratic system. Understanding local customs, social etiquette, and the political climate will ensure a smoother transition into Congolese society.

Language barriers in the DRC

The DRC is a multilingual country, with French as the official language. Lingala, Swahili, Kikongo, and Tshiluba are also widely spoken across different regions. Lingala, for example, is the dominant language in Kinshasa and is often used in business and informal settings.

Expats living in the DRC will find that many educated locals and professionals speak French, but English is not widely spoken outside international organisations and expat circles.  

Locals are usually keen to have conversations, but sometimes, they only speak French or Lingala, which may make for uncomfortable interactions for expats. Learning some basic French phrases or one of the national languages can be extremely beneficial, particularly when interacting with locals in informal settings. Hiring a translator or interpreter may be necessary for business dealings, especially in government offices.

Meeting and greeting in the DRC

Congolese people are generally warm and welcoming, and greetings are an essential part of social interactions. A handshake is the most common greeting, often accompanied by a warm smile and sometimes a hand placed on the other person’s forearm. Among close friends and family, men may embrace, while women may exchange light kisses on the cheeks.

Time in the DRC

Time in the DRC operates on a more relaxed and flexible schedule than what many Western expats may be accustomed to. The concept of “African time” is prevalent, meaning that delays are common, and punctuality is not always a priority. Meetings may start later than scheduled, and bureaucratic processes often take longer than expected.

We recommend being patient and adaptable. Confirm attendance for meetings in advance and allow for extra time on the day of the meeting, particularly when dealing with government offices or service providers.  

Social gatherings also tend to start later than planned, so it is common for guests to arrive well after the stated starting time. Expect slow but friendly service at restaurants as well.  

Bureaucracy in the DRC

Bureaucracy in the DRC can be complex and time-consuming, with many processes involving excessive paperwork and long waiting times. Bribery and corruption remain challenges in some government institutions, and navigating administrative procedures can be frustrating for expats. Patience and persistence are key, as processes typically take longer than expected, and requirements may change frequently.

Religion in the DRC

Religion plays a significant role in Congolese society, with Christianity being the dominant faith. Roman Catholicism and various Protestant denominations are widespread. Religious institutions hold considerable influence over social and political affairs. There is also a presence of Islam, primarily among traders and business communities.

Religious events, church services, and faith-based gatherings are central to many people's lives. Expats should respect local religious customs and be mindful of religious holidays, as businesses and government offices may close or operate on reduced hours during these times.

LGBTQ+ in the DRC

The DRC is a socially conservative country where LGBTQ+ rights are limited. While homosexuality is not explicitly criminalised, there are no legal protections against discrimination, and same-sex relationships remain taboo. LGBTQ+ individuals may face social stigma, discrimination, or even harassment.

Expats who identify as LGBTQ+ should exercise discretion, particularly in public settings. There are no openly LGBTQ+ spaces or organisations, and discussions on LGBTQ+ issues are rare in mainstream discourse. We recommend remaining cautious and seeking advice from local or international human rights organisations for guidance on navigating the local environment.

Women in the DRC

Women in the DRC face significant social and economic challenges, including gender inequality and limited access to opportunities. While women play an essential role in society, particularly in informal trade and agriculture, they are underrepresented in leadership and political positions.

Traditional gender roles are deeply ingrained, particularly in rural areas. That said, in urban centres like Kinshasa and Lubumbashi, more women are entering the workforce and holding professional roles.  

Expat women may attract attention, but they will generally be treated with respect. It is advisable to dress modestly and be cautious when travelling alone, particularly at night.

Cultural dos and don'ts in the DRC

• Do learn basic French or a local language to make communication easier while living in the DRC.  
• Do be patient with time delays and bureaucratic processes.  
• Don’t openly criticise the government or engage in political discussions.  
• Don’t refuse hospitality, as it may be seen as disrespectful.